# $FreeBSD$
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-07-26 09:01-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: en_US\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. Put one translator per line, in the form NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
msgctxt "_"
msgid "translator-credits"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/title
#: article.translate.xml:4
msgid "Building Products with FreeBSD"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: affiliation/address
#: article.translate.xml:9
#, no-wrap
msgid "<email>jkoshy@FreeBSD.org</email>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:7
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Joseph</firstname><surname>Koshy</surname></"
"personname><affiliation> <orgname>The FreeBSD Project</orgname> <_:address-1/"
"> </affiliation>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:14
msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para
#: article.translate.xml:16
msgid ""
"Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish "
"their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in "
"this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the "
"designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</"
"quote> symbol."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: info/pubdate
#. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo
#: article.translate.xml:24 article.translate.xml:26
msgid ""
"$FreeBSD: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/building-products/article.xml 54253 "
"2020-06-14 08:10:06Z carlavilla $"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/title
#: article.translate.xml:29
msgid "Abstract"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/para
#: article.translate.xml:31
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD project is a worldwide, volunteer based, and collaborative "
"project, which develops a portable and high-quality operating system. The "
"FreeBSD project distributes the source code for its product under a liberal "
"license, with the intention of encouraging the use of its code. "
"Collaborating with the FreeBSD project can help organizations reduce their "
"time to market, reduce engineering costs and improve their product quality."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: abstract/para
#: article.translate.xml:40
msgid ""
"This article examines the issues in using FreeBSD code in appliances and "
"software products. It highlights the characteristics of FreeBSD that make it "
"an excellent substrate for product development. The article concludes by "
"suggesting a few <quote>best practices</quote> for organizations "
"collaborating with the FreeBSD project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:50
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:52
msgid ""
"FreeBSD today is well-known as a high-performance server operating system. "
"It is deployed on millions of web servers and internet-facing hosts "
"worldwide. FreeBSD code also forms an integral part of many products, "
"ranging from appliances such as network routers, firewalls, and storage "
"devices, to personal computers. Portions of FreeBSD have also been used in "
"commercial shrink-wrapped software (see <xref linkend=\"freebsd-intro\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:61
msgid ""
"In this article we look at the <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/"
"\">FreeBSD project</link> as a software engineering resource—as a collection "
"of building blocks and processes which you can use to build products."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:65
msgid ""
"While FreeBSD's source is distributed freely to the public, to fully enjoy "
"the benefits of the project's work, organizations need to "
"<emphasis>collaborate</emphasis> with the project. In subsequent sections of "
"this article we discuss effective means of collaboration with the project "
"and the pitfalls that need to be avoided while doing so."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:73
msgid "Caveat Reader"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:74
msgid ""
"The author believes that the characteristics of the FreeBSD Project listed "
"in this article were substantially true at the time the article was "
"conceived and written (2005). However, the reader should keep in mind that "
"the practices and processes used by open-source communities can change over "
"time, and that the information in this article should therefore be taken as "
"indicative rather than normative."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:84
msgid "Target Audience"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:85
msgid ""
"This document would be of interest to the following broad groups of people:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:89
msgid ""
"Decision makers in product companies looking at ways to improve their "
"product quality, reduce their time to market and lower engineering costs in "
"the long term."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:95
msgid ""
"Technology consultants looking for best-practices in leveraging <quote>open-"
"source</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:99
msgid ""
"Industry observers interested in understanding the dynamics of open-source "
"projects."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:103
msgid ""
"Software developers seeking to use FreeBSD and looking for ways to "
"contribute back."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:110
msgid "Article Goals"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:111
msgid "After reading this article you should have:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:114
msgid ""
"An understanding of the goals of the FreeBSD Project and its organizational "
"structure."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:118
msgid ""
"An understanding of its development model and release engineering processes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:122
msgid ""
"An understanding of how conventional corporate software development "
"processes differ from that used in the FreeBSD project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:127
msgid ""
"Awareness of the communication channels used by the project and the level of "
"transparency you can expect."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:132
msgid ""
"Awareness of optimal ways of working with the project—how best to reduce "
"engineering costs, improve time to market, manage security vulnerabilities, "
"and preserve future compatibility with your product as the FreeBSD project "
"evolves."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:142
msgid "Article Structure"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:143
msgid "The rest of the article is structured as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:146
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"freebsd-intro\"/> introduces the FreeBSD project, explores "
"its organizational structure, key technologies and release engineering "
"processes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:152
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"freebsd-collaboration\"/> describes ways to collaborate with "
"the FreeBSD project. It examines common pitfalls encountered by corporates "
"working with voluntary projects like FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:158
msgid "<xref linkend=\"conclusion\"/> concludes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:165
msgid "FreeBSD as a set of building blocks"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:167
msgid "FreeBSD makes an excellent foundation on which to build products:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:172
msgid ""
"FreeBSD source code is distributed under a liberal BSD license facilitating "
"its adoption in commercial products <citation>Mon2005</citation> with "
"minimum hassle."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:177
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD project has excellent engineering practices that can be "
"leveraged."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:181
msgid ""
"The project offers exceptional transparency into its workings, allowing "
"organizations using its code to plan effectively for the future."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:186
msgid ""
"The culture of the FreeBSD project, carried over from the Computer Science "
"Research Group at The University of California, Berkeley "
"<citation>McKu1999-1</citation>, fosters high-quality work. Some features in "
"FreeBSD define the state of the art."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:194
msgid ""
"<citation>GoldGab2005</citation> examines the business reasons for using "
"open-source in greater detail. For organizations, the benefits of using "
"FreeBSD components in their products include a shorter time to market, lower "
"development costs and lower development risks."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:201
msgid "Building with FreeBSD"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:203
msgid "Here are a few ways organizations have used FreeBSD:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:208
msgid "As an upstream source for tested code for libraries and utilities."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:210
msgid ""
"By being <quote>downstream</quote> of the project, organizations leverage "
"the new features, bug fixes and testing that the upstream code receives."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:215
msgid ""
"As an embedded OS (for example, for an OEM router and firewall device). In "
"this model, organizations use a customized FreeBSD kernel and application "
"program set along with a proprietary management layer for their device. OEMs "
"benefit from new hardware support being added by the FreeBSD project "
"upstream, and from the testing that the base system receives."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:222
msgid ""
"FreeBSD ships with a self-hosting development environment that allows easy "
"creation of such configurations."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:227
msgid ""
"As a Unix compatible environment for the management functions of high-end "
"storage and networking devices, running on a separate processor "
"<quote>blade</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:230
msgid ""
"FreeBSD provides the tools for creating dedicated OS and application program "
"images. Its implementation of a BSD unix API is mature and tested. FreeBSD "
"can also provide a stable cross-development environment for the other "
"components of the high-end device."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:237
msgid ""
"As a vehicle to get widespread testing and support from a worldwide team of "
"developers for non-critical <quote>intellectual property</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:240
msgid ""
"In this model, organizations contribute useful infrastructural frameworks to "
"the FreeBSD project (for example, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>netgraph</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>). The widespread "
"exposure that the code gets helps to quickly identify performance issues and "
"bugs. The involvement of top-notch developers also leads to useful "
"extensions to the infrastructure that the contributing organization also "
"benefits from."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:251
msgid ""
"As a development environment supporting cross-development for embedded OSes "
"like <link xlink:href=\"http://www.rtems.com/\">RTEMS</link> and <link xlink:"
"href=\"http://ecos.sourceware.org/\">eCOS</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:253
msgid ""
"There are many full-fledged development environments in the 24,000-strong "
"collection of applications ported and packaged with FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:259
msgid ""
"As a way to support a Unix-like API in an otherwise proprietary OS, "
"increasing its palatability for application developers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:262
msgid ""
"Here parts of FreeBSD's kernel and application programs are <quote>ported</"
"quote> to run alongside other tasks in the proprietary OS. The availability "
"of a stable and well tested <trademark>Unix</trademark> API implementation "
"can reduce the effort needed to port popular applications to the proprietary "
"OS. As FreeBSD ships with high-quality documentation for its internals and "
"has effective vulnerability management and release engineering processes, "
"the costs of keeping upto-date are kept low."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:277
msgid "Technologies"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:279
msgid ""
"There are a large number of technologies supported by the FreeBSD project. A "
"selection of these are listed below:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:285
msgid ""
"A complete system that can cross-host itself for <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/platforms/\">many architectures:</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:290
msgid ""
"A modular symmetric multiprocessing capable kernel, with loadable kernel "
"modules and a flexible and easy to use configuration system."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:295
msgid ""
"Support for emulation of <trademark>Linux</trademark> and SVR4 binaries at "
"near machine speeds. Support for binary <trademark>Windows</trademark> "
"(<acronym>NDIS</acronym>) network drivers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:302
msgid ""
"Libraries for many programming tasks: archivers, FTP and HTTP support, "
"thread support, in addition to a full <trademark>POSIX</trademark> like "
"programming environment."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:308
msgid ""
"Security features: Mandatory Access Control "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>), jails (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>jail</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>), <acronym>ACL</"
"acronym>s, and in-kernel cryptographic device support."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:314
msgid ""
"Networking features: firewall-ing, QoS management, high-performance TCP/IP "
"networking with support for many extensions."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:317
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's in-kernel Netgraph (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>netgraph</"
"refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry>) framework allows "
"kernel networking modules to be connected together in flexible ways."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:322
msgid ""
"Support for storage technologies: Fibre Channel, <acronym>SCSI</acronym>, "
"software and hardware RAID, <acronym>ATA</acronym> and <acronym>SATA</"
"acronym>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:326
msgid ""
"FreeBSD supports a number of filesystems, and its native UFS2 filesystem "
"supports soft updates, snapshots and very large filesystem sizes (16TB per "
"filesystem) <citation>McKu1999</citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:330
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's in-kernel <acronym>GEOM</acronym> "
"(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>geom</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></"
"citerefentry>) framework allows kernel storage modules to be composed in "
"flexible ways."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:335
msgid ""
"Over 24,000 ported applications, both commercial and open-source, managed "
"via the FreeBSD ports collection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:343
msgid "Organizational Structure"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:344
msgid "FreeBSD's organizational structure is non-hierarchical."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:347
msgid ""
"There are essentially two kinds of contributors to FreeBSD, general users of "
"FreeBSD, and developers with write access (known as <firstterm>committers</"
"firstterm> in the jargon) to the source base."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:352
msgid ""
"There are many thousands of contributors in the first group; the vast "
"majority of contributions to FreeBSD come from individuals in this group. "
"Commit rights (write access) to the repository are granted to individuals "
"who contribute consistently to the project. Commit rights come with "
"additional responsibilities, and new committers are assigned mentors to help "
"them learn the ropes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/title
#: article.translate.xml:361
msgid "FreeBSD Organization"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata
#. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When
#. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to
#. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to
#. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file.
#: article.translate.xml:364
msgctxt "_"
msgid "external ref='freebsd-organization' md5='__failed__'"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:369
msgid ""
"Conflict resolution is performed by a nine member <quote>Core Team</quote> "
"that is elected from the group of committers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:373
msgid ""
"FreeBSD does not have <quote>corporate</quote> committers. Individual "
"committers are required to take responsibility for the changes they "
"introduce to the code. The <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US."
"ISO8859-1/articles/committers-guide\">FreeBSD Committer's guide</link> "
"<citation>ComGuide</citation> documents the rules and responsibilities for "
"committers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:379
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's project model is examined in detail in <citation>Nik2005</"
"citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:384
msgid "FreeBSD Release Engineering Processes"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:386
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's release engineering processes play a major role in ensuring that "
"its released versions are of a high quality. At any point of time, FreeBSD's "
"volunteers support multiple code lines (<xref linkend=\"fig-freebsd-branches"
"\"/>):"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:393
msgid ""
"New features and disruptive code enters on the development branch, also "
"known as the <firstterm>-CURRENT</firstterm> branch."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:398
msgid ""
"<firstterm>-STABLE</firstterm> branches are code lines that are branched "
"from HEAD at regular intervals. Only tested code is allowed onto a -STABLE "
"branch. New features are allowed once they have been tested and stabilized "
"in the -CURRENT branch."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:405
msgid ""
"<firstterm>-RELEASE</firstterm> branches are maintained by the FreeBSD "
"security team. Only bug fixes for critical issues are permitted onto -"
"RELEASE branches."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/title
#: article.translate.xml:413
msgid "FreeBSD Release Branches"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata
#. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When
#. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to
#. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to
#. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file.
#: article.translate.xml:416
msgctxt "_"
msgid "external ref='freebsd-branches' md5='__failed__'"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:421
msgid ""
"Code lines are kept alive for as long as there is user and developer "
"interest in them."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:424
msgid ""
"Machine architectures are grouped into <quote>tiers</quote>; <firstterm>Tier "
"1</firstterm> architectures are fully supported by the project's release "
"engineering and security teams, <firstterm>Tier 2</firstterm> architectures "
"are supported on a best effort basis, and experimental architectures "
"comprise <firstterm>Tier 3</firstterm>. The list of <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/committers-guide/archs.html"
"\">supported architectures</link> is part of the FreeBSD documentation "
"collection."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:434
msgid ""
"The release engineering team publishes a <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/releng/\">road map</link> for future releases of FreeBSD "
"on the project's web site. The dates laid down in the road map are not "
"deadlines; FreeBSD is released when its code and documentation are ready."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:439
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's release engineering processes are described in "
"<citation>RelEngDoc</citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:446
msgid "Collaborating with FreeBSD"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:448
msgid ""
"Open-source projects like FreeBSD offer finished code of a very high quality."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:451
msgid ""
"While access to quality source code can reduce the cost of initial "
"development, in the long-term the costs of managing change begin to "
"dominate. As computing environments change over the years and new security "
"vulnerabilities are discovered, your product too needs to change and adapt. "
"Using open-source code is best viewed not as a one-off activity, but as an "
"<emphasis>ongoing process</emphasis>. The best projects to collaborate with "
"are the ones that are <emphasis>live</emphasis>; i.e., with an active "
"community, clear goals and a transparent working style."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:464
msgid ""
"FreeBSD has an active developer community around it. At the time of writing "
"there are many thousands of contributors from every populated continent in "
"the world and over 300 individuals with write access to the project's source "
"repositories."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:471
msgid "The goals of the FreeBSD project are <citation>Hub1994</citation>:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:475
msgid ""
"To develop a high-quality operating system for popular computer hardware, "
"and,"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:479
msgid "To make our work available to all under a liberal license."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:485
msgid ""
"FreeBSD enjoys an open and transparent working culture. Nearly all "
"discussion in the project happens by email, on <link xlink:href=\"http://"
"lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo\">public mailing lists</link> that are "
"also archived for posterity. The project's policies are <link xlink:href="
"\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/internal/policies.html\">documented</link> and "
"maintained under revision control. Participation in the project is open to "
"all."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:496
msgid "Understanding FreeBSD culture"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:498
msgid ""
"To be able to work effectively with the FreeBSD project, you need to "
"understand the project's culture."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:501
msgid ""
"Volunteer driven projects operate under different rules than for-profit "
"corporates. A common mistake that companies make when venturing into the "
"open-source world is that of underplaying these differences."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:509
msgid "Motivation"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:511
msgid ""
"Most contributions to FreeBSD are done voluntarily without monetary rewards "
"entering the picture. The factors that motivate individuals are complex, "
"ranging from altruism, to an interest in solving the kinds of problems that "
"FreeBSD attempts to solve. In this environment, <quote>elegance is never "
"optional</quote> <citation>Nor1993</citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:521
msgid "The Long Term View"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: footnote/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:525
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's <link xlink:href=\"https://svnweb.freebsd.org/\">source "
"repository</link> contains a history of the project since its inception, and "
"there are <link xlink:href=\"http://www.mckusick.com/csrg/\">CDROMs "
"available</link> that contain earlier code from the CSRG."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:522
msgid ""
"FreeBSD traces its roots back nearly twenty years to the work of the "
"Computer Science Research Group at the University of California Berkeley.<_:"
"footnote-1/> A number of the original CSRG developers remain associated with "
"the project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:534
msgid ""
"The project values long-term perspectives <citation>Nor2001</citation>. A "
"frequent acronym encountered in the project is <acronym>DTRT</acronym>, "
"which stands for <quote>Do The Right Thing</quote>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:540
msgid "Development Processes"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:541
msgid ""
"Computer programs are tools for communication: at one level programmers "
"communicate their intentions using a precise notation to a tool (a compiler) "
"that translates their instructions to executable code. At another level, the "
"same notation is used for communication of intent between two programmers."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:549
msgid ""
"Formal specifications and design documents are seldom used in the project. "
"Clear and well-written code and well-written change logs (<xref linkend="
"\"fig-change-log\"/>) are used in their place. FreeBSD development happens "
"by <quote>rough consensus and running code</quote> <citation>Carp1996</"
"citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/title
#: article.translate.xml:557
msgid "A sample change log entry"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/programlisting
#: article.translate.xml:558
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\n"
"r151864 | bde | 2005-10-29 09:34:50 -0700 (Sat, 29 Oct 2005) | 13 lines\n"
"Changed paths:\n"
"   M /head/lib/msun/src/e_rem_pio2f.c\n"
"\n"
"Use double precision to simplify and optimize arg reduction for small\n"
"and medium size args too: instead of conditionally subtracting a float\n"
"17+24, 17+17+24 or 17+17+17+24 bit approximation to pi/2, always\n"
"subtract a double 33+53 bit one.  The float version is now closer to\n"
"the double version than to old versions of itself -- it uses the same\n"
"33+53 bit approximation as the simplest cases in the double version,\n"
"and where the float version had to switch to the slow general case at\n"
"|x| == 2^7*pi/2, it now switches at |x| == 2^19*pi/2 the same as the\n"
"double version.\n"
"\n"
"This speeds up arg reduction by a factor of 2 for |x| between 3*pi/4 and\n"
"2^7*pi/4, and by a factor of 7 for |x| between 2^7*pi/4 and 2^19*pi/4.\n"
"        "
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:578
msgid ""
"Communication between programmers is enhanced by the use of a common coding "
"standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>style</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</"
"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:582
msgid "Communication Channels"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:583
msgid ""
"FreeBSD's contributors are spread across the world. Email (and to a lesser "
"extent, IRC) is the preferred means of communication in the project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/title
#: article.translate.xml:590
msgid "Best Practices for collaborating with the FreeBSD project"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect2/para
#: article.translate.xml:593
msgid ""
"We now look at a few best practices for making the best use of FreeBSD in "
"product development."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:598
msgid "Plan for the long term"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:600
msgid ""
"Setup processes that help in tracking the development of FreeBSD. For "
"example:"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:603
msgid "Track FreeBSD source code"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:604
msgid ""
"The project makes it easy to mirror its SVN repository using <link xlink:"
"href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/committers-guide/"
"article.html#svn-advanced-use-setting-up-svnsync\"><application>svnsync</"
"application></link>. Having the complete history of the source is useful "
"when debugging complex problems and offers valuable insight into the "
"intentions of the original developers. Use a capable source control system "
"that allows you to easily merge changes between the upstream FreeBSD code "
"base and your own in-house code."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/para
#: article.translate.xml:614
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"fig-svn-blame\"/> shows a portion of an annotated listing of "
"the file referenced by the change log in <xref linkend=\"fig-change-log\"/>. "
"The ancestry of each line of the source is clearly visible. Annotated "
"listings showing the history of every file that is part of FreeBSD are <link "
"xlink:href=\"https://svnweb.freebsd.org/\">available on the web</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/title
#: article.translate.xml:622
msgid ""
"An annotated source listing generated using <command>svn blame</command>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: figure/programlisting
#: article.translate.xml:623
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"\n"
"\n"
"#REV         #WHO #DATE                                        #TEXT\n"
"\n"
"176410        bde 2008-02-19 07:42:46 -0800 (Tue, 19 Feb 2008) #include &lt;sys/cdefs.h&gt;\n"
"176410        bde 2008-02-19 07:42:46 -0800 (Tue, 19 Feb 2008) __FBSDID(\"$FreeBSD: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/building-products/article.xml 54253 2020-06-14 08:10:06Z carlavilla $\");\n"
"  2116        jkh 1994-08-19 02:40:01 -0700 (Fri, 19 Aug 1994) \n"
"  2116        jkh 1994-08-19 02:40:01 -0700 (Fri, 19 Aug 1994) /* __ieee754_rem_pio2f(x,y)\n"
"  8870    rgrimes 1995-05-29 22:51:47 -0700 (Mon, 29 May 1995)  *\n"
"176552        bde 2008-02-25 05:33:20 -0800 (Mon, 25 Feb 2008)  * return the remainder of x rem pi/2 in *y\n"
"176552        bde 2008-02-25 05:33:20 -0800 (Mon, 25 Feb 2008)  * use double precision for everything except passing x\n"
"152535        bde 2005-11-16 18:20:04 -0800 (Wed, 16 Nov 2005)  * use __kernel_rem_pio2() for large x\n"
"  2116        jkh 1994-08-19 02:40:01 -0700 (Fri, 19 Aug 1994)  */\n"
"  2116        jkh 1994-08-19 02:40:01 -0700 (Fri, 19 Aug 1994) \n"
"176465        bde 2008-02-22 07:55:14 -0800 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) #include &lt;float.h&gt;\n"
"176465        bde 2008-02-22 07:55:14 -0800 (Fri, 22 Feb 2008) \n"
"  2116        jkh 1994-08-19 02:40:01 -0700 (Fri, 19 Aug 1994) #include \"math.h\"\n"
"\n"
"              "
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:645
msgid "Use a gatekeeper"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:646
msgid ""
"Appoint a <firstterm>gatekeeper</firstterm> to monitor FreeBSD development, "
"to keep an eye out for changes that could potentially impact your products."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/title
#: article.translate.xml:652
msgid "Report bugs upstream"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: formalpara/para
#: article.translate.xml:653
msgid ""
"If you notice bug in the FreeBSD code that you are using, file a <link xlink:"
"href=\"https://www.FreeBSD.org/support/bugreports.html\">bug report</link>. "
"This step helps ensure that you do not have to fix the bug the next time you "
"take a code drop from upstream."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:663
msgid "Leverage FreeBSD's release engineering efforts"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:665
msgid ""
"Use code from a -STABLE development branch of FreeBSD. These development "
"branches are formally supported by FreeBSD's release engineering and "
"security teams and comprise of tested code."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:674
msgid "Donate code to reduce costs"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:676
msgid ""
"A major proportion of the costs associated with developing products is that "
"of doing maintenance. By donating non-critical code to the project, you "
"benefit by having your code see much wider exposure than it would otherwise "
"get. This in turn leads to more bugs and security vulnerabilities being "
"flushed out and performance anomalies being identified and fixed."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:688
msgid "Get support effectively"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:690
msgid ""
"For products with tight deadlines, it is recommended that you hire or enter "
"into a consulting agreement with a developer or firm with FreeBSD "
"experience. The <link xlink:href=\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/"
"freebsd-jobs\">FreeBSD related employment mailing list</link> is a useful "
"communication channel to find talent. The FreeBSD project maintains a <link "
"xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/commercial/consult_bycat.html\">gallery of "
"consultants and consulting firms</link> undertaking FreeBSD work. The <link "
"xlink:href=\"http://www.bsdcertification.org/\">BSD Certification Group</"
"link> offers certification for all the major BSD derived OSes."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:701
msgid ""
"For less critical needs, you can ask for help on the <link xlink:href="
"\"http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo\">project mailing lists</link>. "
"A useful guide to follow when asking for help is given in <citation>Ray2004</"
"citation>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:711
msgid "Publicize your involvement"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:713
msgid ""
"You are not required to publicize your use of FreeBSD, but doing so helps "
"both your effort as well as that of the project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:716
msgid ""
"Letting the FreeBSD community know that your company uses FreeBSD helps "
"improve your chances of attracting high quality talent. A large roster of "
"support for FreeBSD also means more mind share for it among developers. This "
"in turn yields a healthier foundation for your future."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term
#: article.translate.xml:726
msgid "Support FreeBSD developers"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:728
msgid ""
"Sometimes the most direct way to get a desired feature into FreeBSD is to "
"support a developer who is already looking at a related problem. Help can "
"range from hardware donations to direct financial assistance. In some "
"countries, donations to the FreeBSD project enjoy tax benefits. The project "
"has a dedicated <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/donations/\">donations "
"liaison</link> to assist donors. The project also maintains a web page where "
"developers <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/donations/wantlist.html"
"\">list their needs</link>."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: listitem/simpara
#: article.translate.xml:738
msgid ""
"As a policy the FreeBSD project <link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/"
"en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors\">acknowledges</link> all "
"contributions received on its web site."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/title
#: article.translate.xml:747
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:748
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD project's goals are to create and give away the source code for "
"a high-quality operating system. By working with the FreeBSD project you can "
"reduce development costs and improve your time to market in a number of "
"product development scenarios."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: sect1/para
#: article.translate.xml:753
msgid ""
"We examined the characteristics of the FreeBSD project that make it an "
"excellent choice for being part of an organization's product strategy. We "
"then looked at the prevailing culture of the project and examined effective "
"ways of interacting with its developers. The article concluded with a list "
"of best-practices that could help organizations collaborating with the "
"project."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:764
msgid "Carp1996"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:765
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1958.txt\">The Architectural "
"Principles of the Internet</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:767
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>B.</firstname><surname>Carpenter</surname></"
"personname><affiliation> <orgname>The Internet Architecture Board</orgname> "
"</affiliation>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:770
msgid "<year>1996</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:775
msgid "ComGuide"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:776
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/committers-"
"guide\">Committer's Guide</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:779
msgid "<orgname>The FreeBSD Project</orgname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:781 article.translate.xml:792
#: article.translate.xml:856 article.translate.xml:865
msgid "<year>2005</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:786
msgid "GoldGab2005"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:786
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://dreamsongs.com/IHE/IHE.html\">Innovation Happens "
"Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:789
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Ron</firstname><surname>Goldman</surname></personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:790
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Gabriel</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/biblioid
#: article.translate.xml:795
msgid "ISBN 1558608893"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: publisher/publishername
#: article.translate.xml:797
msgid "Morgan-Kaufmann"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:802
msgid "Hub1994"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:803
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/"
"contributing\">Contributing to the FreeBSD Project</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:805
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Jordan</firstname><surname>Hubbard</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:806
msgid "<year>1994—2005</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: publisher/publishername
#: article.translate.xml:810 article.translate.xml:854
#: article.translate.xml:869 article.translate.xml:913
msgid "The FreeBSD Project"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:814
msgid "McKu1999"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:815
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/"
"usenix99/mckusick.html\">Soft Updates: A Technique for Eliminating Most "
"Synchronous Writes in the Fast Filesystem</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:819
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Kirk</firstname><surname>McKusick</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:820
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Gregory</firstname><surname>Ganger</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: confgroup/conftitle
#: article.translate.xml:823
msgid "USENIX Annual Technical Conference"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:825
msgid "<year>1999</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:830
msgid "McKu1999-1"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:831
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/kirkmck."
"html\">Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&amp;T-Owned to Freely "
"Redistributable</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:834
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Marshall Kirk</firstname><surname>McKusick</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:836
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/toc.html"
"\">Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/biblioid
#: article.translate.xml:839
msgid "ISBN 1-56592-582-3"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: publisher/publishername
#: article.translate.xml:841
msgid "O'Reilly Inc."
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:843 article.translate.xml:880
msgid "<year>1993</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:848
msgid "Mon2005"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:849
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/bsdl-gpl/"
"article.html\">Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source "
"Project</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:852
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Bruce</firstname><surname>Montague</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:861
msgid "Nik2005"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:862
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/dev-model/"
"book.html\">A project model for the FreeBSD Project</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:864
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Niklas</firstname><surname>Saers</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:873
msgid "Nor1993"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:874
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.norvig.com/luv-slides.ps\">Tutorial on Good "
"Lisp Programming Style</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:877 article.translate.xml:888
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Peter</firstname><surname>Norvig</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:878
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Kent</firstname><surname>Pitman</surname></personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:885
msgid "Nor2001"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:886
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.norvig.com/21-days.html\">Teach Yourself "
"Programming in Ten Years</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:889 article.translate.xml:909
msgid "<year>2001</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:894
msgid "Ray2004"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:895
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html\">How "
"to ask questions the smart way</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author
#: article.translate.xml:898
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Eric Steven</firstname><surname>Raymond</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/copyright
#: article.translate.xml:900
msgid "<year>2004</year>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/abbrev
#: article.translate.xml:905
msgid "RelEngDoc"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/citetitle
#: article.translate.xml:906
msgid ""
"<link xlink:href=\"@@URL_RELPREFIX@@/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/releng"
"\">FreeBSD Release Engineering</link>"
msgstr ""

#. (itstool) path: biblioentry/author
#: article.translate.xml:908
msgid ""
"<personname><firstname>Murray</firstname><surname>Stokely</surname></"
"personname>"
msgstr ""