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                "Unfortunately these library-based defenses have a number of shortcomings.  These libraries only protect against a very small set of security related issues and they neglect to fix the actual problem.  These defenses may fail if the application was compiled with -fomit-frame-pointer.  Also, the LD_PRELOAD and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables can be overwritten/unset by the user."
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                "شوربختانه این دست محافظت‌های مبتنی‌بر کتابخانه دارای کاستی‌هایی هستند. این کتابخانه‌ها تنها در برابر تعداد بسیار کمی از مسائل امنیتی محافظت می‌کنند و در رفع مشکل اصلی ناتوان هستند. این دفاعیات ممکن است چنانچه برنامه با -fomit-frame-pointer همگردان شده باشد شکست بخورند. همچنین، متغیرهای محیطی ِLD_PRELOAD و LD_LIBRARY_PATH می‌توانند توسط کاربر رونوشت/بازنشانده شوند."
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                "There are at least 6 different IDs associated with any given process, and you must therefore be very careful with the access that your process has at any given time.  In particular, all seteuid applications should give up their privileges as soon as it is no longer required."
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            "source": [
                "The real user ID can only be changed by a superuser process.  The login program sets this when a user initially logs in and it is seldom changed."
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                "The effective user ID is set by the `exec()` functions if a program has its seteuid bit set.  An application can call `seteuid()` at any time to set the effective user ID to either the real user ID or the saved set-user-ID.  When the effective user ID is set by `exec()` functions, the previous value is saved in the saved set-user-ID."
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                "درصورتی‌که seteuid برای یک برنامه تنظیم شده باشد، شناسهٔ کاربر مؤثر توسط توابع <function>exec()</function> تنظیم می‌شود. یک برنامه می‌تواند <function>seteuid()</function> را هر زمان فراخوانی کند تا شناسهٔ کاربر مؤثر را یا روی شناسهٔ کاربر حقیقی یا روی مقدار ذخیره‌شدهٔ set-user-ID تنظیم کند. هنگامی‌که شناسهٔ کاربر مؤثر توسط توابع <function>exec()</function> تنظیم می‌شود، مقدار قبلی در set-user-ID ذخیره‌شده ذخیره می‌شود."
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                "The traditional method of restricting a process is with the `chroot()` system call.  This system call changes the root directory from which all other paths are referenced for a process and any child processes.  For this call to succeed the process must have execute (search) permission on the directory being referenced.  The new environment does not actually take effect until you `chdir()` into your new environment.  It should also be noted that a process can easily break out of a chroot environment if it has root privilege.  This could be accomplished by creating device nodes to read kernel memory, attaching a debugger to a process outside of the man:chroot[8] environment, or in many other creative ways."
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                "The behavior of the `chroot()` system call can be controlled somewhat with the kern.chroot_allow_open_directories `sysctl` variable.  When this value is set to 0, `chroot()` will fail with EPERM if there are any directories open.  If set to the default value of 1, then `chroot()` will fail with EPERM if there are any directories open and the process is already subject to a `chroot()` call.  For any other value, the check for open directories will be bypassed completely."
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                "The concept of a Jail extends upon the `chroot()` by limiting the powers of the superuser to create a true `virtual server'.  Once a prison is set up all network communication must take place through the specified IP address, and the power of \"root privilege\" in this jail is severely constrained."
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                "مفهوم زندان بر روی <function>chroot()</function> و با محدود کردن قدرت ابرکاربر در ساخت 'کارساز مجازی' گسترش می‌یابد. هنگامی‌که زندان ساخته می‌شود، تمام ارتباطات شبکه باید از طریق نشانی IP مشخص شده آغاز شوند، و قدرت \"امتیاز ریشه\" در این زندان به‌شدت محدود می‌شود."
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            "source": [
                "While in a prison, any tests of superuser power within the kernel using the `suser()` call will fail.  However, some calls to `suser()` have been changed to a new interface `suser_xxx()`.  This function is responsible for recognizing or denying access to superuser power for imprisoned processes."
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                "زمانی‌که در زندان هستید، هر آزمونی برای حصول قدرت ابرکاربر در محدودهٔ هسته توسط فراخوان <function>suser()</function> نافرجام خواهد بود. گرچه، برخی فراخوان‌ها به <function>suser()</function>، به یک رابط جدید <function>suser_xxx()</function> تغییر یافته‌اند. این تابع مسئول تشخیص یا انکار دسترسی به قدرت ابرکاربری برای فرآیندهای محبوس شده است."
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            "source": [
                "`Jail` is a very useful tool for running applications in a secure environment but it does have some shortcomings.  Currently, the IPC mechanisms have not been converted to the `suser_xxx` so applications such as MySQL cannot be run within a jail.  Superuser access may have a very limited meaning within a jail, but there is no way to specify exactly what \"very limited\" means."
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                "<function>Jail</function> یک ابزار بسیار مفید برای راه‌اندازی برنامه‌ها در یک محیط ایمن است، اما کاستی‌هایی نیز دارد. هم‌اکنون، سازوکارهای IPC به <function>suser_xxx</function> تبدیل نشده‌اند، از این رو برنامه‌های چون MySQL نمی‌توانند درون زندان اجرا شوند. دسترسی ابرکاربری می‌تواند مفهومی بسیار محدود درون زندان داشته باشد، اما هیچ راهی برای تشخیص دقیق مفهوم \"بسیار محدود\" وجود ندارد."
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            "source": [
                "This is a work in progress and is the focus of the http://www.trustedbsd.org/[TrustedBSD] project.  Some of the initial work has been committed to FreeBSD-CURRENT (cap_set_proc(3))."
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            "source": [
                "An application should never assume that anything about the users environment is sane.  This includes (but is certainly not limited to): user input, signals, environment variables, resources, IPC, mmaps, the filesystem working directory, file descriptors, the # of open files, etc."
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                "یک برنامه هرگز نباید فرض کند که هر چیزی در ارتباط با محیط کاربران عاقلانه است. این شامل (اما مطمئناً نه محدود به): ورودی کاربر، سیگنال‌ها، متغیرهای محیطی، منابع، IPC، mmaps، مسیر کاری سامانهٔ پرونده، توصیف‌گرهای پرونده، # در پرونده‌های باز، و غیره است."
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                "You should never assume that you can catch all forms of invalid input that a user might supply.  Instead, your application should use positive filtering to only allow a specific subset of inputs that you deem safe.  Improper data validation has been the cause of many exploits, especially with CGI scripts on the world wide web.  For filenames you need to be extra careful about paths (\"../\", \"/\"), symbolic links, and shell escape characters."
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                "هرگز نباید فرض کنید که می‌توانید تمام اشکال ورودی نامعتبری که ممکن است کاربر عرضه کند را بگیرید. در عوض، برنامه شما باید از فیلتری قطعی برای قبول کردن مجموعهٔ خاص ورودی‌هایی که شما ایمن می‌دانید استفاده کند. اعتبارسنجی نامناسب دلیل سوءاستفاده‌های بسیاری بوده است، به‌ویژه اجرانامه‌های CGI بر روی تارِ جهان‌گستر. برای اسامی پرونده‌ها نیاز به دقت بسیار در مورد مسیرها (\"../\", \"/\")، پیوندهای نمادین، و نویسه‌های رهایی پوسته دارید."
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