Units
Translation components API.
See the Weblate's Web API documentation for detailed description of the API.
GET /api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/units/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 384, "next": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/units/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/units/?format=api", "results": [ { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "NetBSD-emulation of NetBSD operating system" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "NetBSD-emulation of NetBSD operating system" ], "id_hash": -6979053153777657819, "content_hash": -6979053153777657819, "location": "article.translate.xml:297", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 52, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 5, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99449/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99449, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=1f256c221c835825", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99449/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.629743Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "PECoff-support for PECoff FreeBSD executables" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "PECoff-support for PECoff FreeBSD executables" ], "id_hash": 2756935115872095011, "content_hash": 2756935115872095011, "location": "article.translate.xml:300", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 53, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 5, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99450/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99450, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=a64299e18a5b4b23", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99450/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.647554Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "SVR4-emulation of System V revision 4 <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "SVR4-emulation of System V revision 4 <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>" ], "id_hash": -6399629153167689421, "content_hash": -6399629153167689421, "location": "article.translate.xml:303", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 54, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 8, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99451/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99451, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=272ff3311f34b933", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99451/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.659407Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Actively developed emulations are the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> layer and various FreeBSD-on-FreeBSD layers. Others are not supposed to work properly nor be usable these days." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Actively developed emulations are the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> layer and various FreeBSD-on-FreeBSD layers. Others are not supposed to work properly nor be usable these days." ], "id_hash": 2989245931422263655, "content_hash": 2989245931422263655, "location": "article.translate.xml:307", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 55, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 24, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99452/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99452, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=a97bef5640b4a967", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99452/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.675639Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "FreeBSD is traditional flavor of <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> in the sense of dividing the run of processes into two halves: kernel space and user space run. There are two types of process entry to the kernel: a syscall and a trap. There is only one way to return. In the subsequent sections we will describe the three gates to/from the kernel. The whole description applies to the i386 architecture as the Linuxulator only exists there but the concept is similar on other architectures. The information was taken from [1] and the source code." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "FreeBSD is traditional flavor of <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> in the sense of dividing the run of processes into two halves: kernel space and user space run. There are two types of process entry to the kernel: a syscall and a trap. There is only one way to return. In the subsequent sections we will describe the three gates to/from the kernel. The whole description applies to the i386 architecture as the Linuxulator only exists there but the concept is similar on other architectures. The information was taken from [1] and the source code." ], "id_hash": -1272730520236775280, "content_hash": -1272730520236775280, "location": "article.translate.xml:314", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect3/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 56, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 92, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99453/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99453, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=6e565a55c67d2890", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99453/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.682230Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "System entries" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "System entries" ], "id_hash": -2786336990685942823, "content_hash": -2786336990685942823, "location": "article.translate.xml:326", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 57, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 2, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99454/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99454, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=5954f14505a22bd9", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99454/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.689912Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "FreeBSD has an abstraction called an execution class loader, which is a wedge into the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> syscall. This employs a structure <literal>sysentvec</literal>, which describes an executable ABI. It contains things like errno translation table, signal translation table, various functions to serve syscall needs (stack fixup, coredumping, etc.). Every ABI the FreeBSD kernel wants to support must define this structure, as it is used later in the syscall processing code and at some other places. System entries are handled by trap handlers, where we can access both the kernel-space and the user-space at once." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "FreeBSD has an abstraction called an execution class loader, which is a wedge into the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> syscall. This employs a structure <literal>sysentvec</literal>, which describes an executable ABI. It contains things like errno translation table, signal translation table, various functions to serve syscall needs (stack fixup, coredumping, etc.). Every ABI the FreeBSD kernel wants to support must define this structure, as it is used later in the syscall processing code and at some other places. System entries are handled by trap handlers, where we can access both the kernel-space and the user-space at once." ], "id_hash": -8308079164332535328, "content_hash": -8308079164332535328, "location": "article.translate.xml:328", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 58, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 93, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99455/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99455, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=0cb3c604a42291e0", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99455/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.697103Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Syscalls" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Syscalls" ], "id_hash": 8592014269915054761, "content_hash": 8592014269915054761, "location": "article.translate.xml:343, article.translate.xml:502", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 59, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 1, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99456/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99456, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=f73cf774bf5fc2a9", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99456/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.707193Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Syscalls on FreeBSD are issued by executing interrupt <literal>0x80</literal> with register <varname>%eax</varname> set to a desired syscall number with arguments passed on the stack." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Syscalls on FreeBSD are issued by executing interrupt <literal>0x80</literal> with register <varname>%eax</varname> set to a desired syscall number with arguments passed on the stack." ], "id_hash": -8158864648897614191, "content_hash": -8158864648897614191, "location": "article.translate.xml:345", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 60, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 24, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99457/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99457, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=0ec5e3d44ff72e91", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99457/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.722230Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "When a process issues an interrupt <literal>0x80</literal>, the <literal>int0x80</literal> syscall trap handler is issued (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/exception.s</filename>), which prepares arguments (i.e. copies them on to the stack) for a call to a C function <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/trap.c</filename>), which processes the passed in trapframe. The processing consists of preparing the syscall (depending on the <literal>sysvec</literal> entry), determining if the syscall is 32-bit or 64-bit one (changes size of the parameters), then the parameters are copied, including the syscall. Next, the actual syscall function is executed with processing of the return code (special cases for <literal>ERESTART</literal> and <literal>EJUSTRETURN</literal> errors). Finally an <literal>userret()</literal> is scheduled, switching the process back to the users-pace. The parameters to the actual syscall handler are passed in the form of <literal>struct thread *td</literal>, <literal>struct syscall args *</literal> arguments where the second parameter is a pointer to the copied in structure of parameters." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "When a process issues an interrupt <literal>0x80</literal>, the <literal>int0x80</literal> syscall trap handler is issued (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/exception.s</filename>), which prepares arguments (i.e. copies them on to the stack) for a call to a C function <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syscall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/trap.c</filename>), which processes the passed in trapframe. The processing consists of preparing the syscall (depending on the <literal>sysvec</literal> entry), determining if the syscall is 32-bit or 64-bit one (changes size of the parameters), then the parameters are copied, including the syscall. Next, the actual syscall function is executed with processing of the return code (special cases for <literal>ERESTART</literal> and <literal>EJUSTRETURN</literal> errors). Finally an <literal>userret()</literal> is scheduled, switching the process back to the users-pace. The parameters to the actual syscall handler are passed in the form of <literal>struct thread *td</literal>, <literal>struct syscall args *</literal> arguments where the second parameter is a pointer to the copied in structure of parameters." ], "id_hash": 5227933111013327093, "content_hash": 5227933111013327093, "location": "article.translate.xml:350", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 61, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 145, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99458/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99458, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=c88d59773773c0f5", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99458/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.733369Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Traps" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Traps" ], "id_hash": -239372498580362847, "content_hash": -239372498580362847, "location": "article.translate.xml:376, article.translate.xml:548, article.translate.xml:1482", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/title\n(itstool) path: sect2/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 62, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 1, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99459/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99459, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=7cad93fb151ea9a1", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99459/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.748163Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Handling of traps in FreeBSD is similar to the handling of syscalls. Whenever a trap occurs, an assembler handler is called. It is chosen between alltraps, alltraps with regs pushed or calltrap depending on the type of the trap. This handler prepares arguments for a call to a C function <literal>trap()</literal> (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/trap.c</filename>), which then processes the occurred trap. After the processing it might send a signal to the process and/or exit to userland using <literal>userret()</literal>." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Handling of traps in FreeBSD is similar to the handling of syscalls. Whenever a trap occurs, an assembler handler is called. It is chosen between alltraps, alltraps with regs pushed or calltrap depending on the type of the trap. This handler prepares arguments for a call to a C function <literal>trap()</literal> (defined in <filename>sys/i386/i386/trap.c</filename>), which then processes the occurred trap. After the processing it might send a signal to the process and/or exit to userland using <literal>userret()</literal>." ], "id_hash": -4236131531189987556, "content_hash": -4236131531189987556, "location": "article.translate.xml:378", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 63, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 77, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99460/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99460, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=45363cd0fd96d71c", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99460/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.763705Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Exits" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Exits" ], "id_hash": 2212625586036277245, "content_hash": 2212625586036277245, "location": "article.translate.xml:391, article.translate.xml:558", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 64, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 1, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99461/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99461, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=9eb4d33f5ca1fffd", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99461/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.774757Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Exits from kernel to userspace happen using the assembler routine <literal>doreti</literal> regardless of whether the kernel was entered via a trap or via a syscall. This restores the program status from the stack and returns to the userspace." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Exits from kernel to userspace happen using the assembler routine <literal>doreti</literal> regardless of whether the kernel was entered via a trap or via a syscall. This restores the program status from the stack and returns to the userspace." ], "id_hash": -4768697494825662458, "content_hash": -4768697494825662458, "location": "article.translate.xml:393", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 65, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 38, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99462/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99462, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=3dd22ee4e39f0806", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99462/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.789030Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> primitives" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> primitives" ], "id_hash": 463233602248871895, "content_hash": 463233602248871895, "location": "article.translate.xml:401, article.translate.xml:569", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 66, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 3, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99463/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99463, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=866dbc81c6118fd7", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99463/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.805510Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "FreeBSD operating system adheres to the traditional <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> scheme, where every process has a unique identification number, the so called <firstterm>PID</firstterm> (Process ID). PID numbers are allocated either linearly or randomly ranging from <literal>0</literal> to <literal>PID_MAX</literal>. The allocation of PID numbers is done using linear searching of PID space. Every thread in a process receives the same PID number as result of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> call." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "FreeBSD operating system adheres to the traditional <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark> scheme, where every process has a unique identification number, the so called <firstterm>PID</firstterm> (Process ID). PID numbers are allocated either linearly or randomly ranging from <literal>0</literal> to <literal>PID_MAX</literal>. The allocation of PID numbers is done using linear searching of PID space. Every thread in a process receives the same PID number as result of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> call." ], "id_hash": -1421460025639635270, "content_hash": -1421460025639635270, "location": "article.translate.xml:403", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 67, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 66, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99464/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99464, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=6c45f5a34d54f6ba", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99464/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.816887Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "As stated previously there are two implementations of threading in FreeBSD. The M:N library divides the work between kernel space and userspace. Thread is an entity that gets scheduled in the kernel but it can represent various number of userspace threads. M userspace threads get mapped to N kernel threads thus saving resources while keeping the ability to exploit multiprocessor parallelism. Further information about the implementation can be obtained from the man page or [1]. The 1:1 library directly maps a userland thread to a kernel thread thus greatly simplifying the scheme. None of these designs implement a fairness mechanism (such a mechanism was implemented but it was removed recently because it caused serious slowdown and made the code more difficult to deal with)." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "As stated previously there are two implementations of threading in FreeBSD. The M:N library divides the work between kernel space and userspace. Thread is an entity that gets scheduled in the kernel but it can represent various number of userspace threads. M userspace threads get mapped to N kernel threads thus saving resources while keeping the ability to exploit multiprocessor parallelism. Further information about the implementation can be obtained from the man page or [1]. The 1:1 library directly maps a userland thread to a kernel thread thus greatly simplifying the scheme. None of these designs implement a fairness mechanism (such a mechanism was implemented but it was removed recently because it caused serious slowdown and made the code more difficult to deal with)." ], "id_hash": 5812024013670723783, "content_hash": 5812024013670723783, "location": "article.translate.xml:434", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 69, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 124, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99466/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99466, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=d0a8750c08e230c7", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99466/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.844416Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "What is <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark>" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "What is <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark>" ], "id_hash": 5016986969492648515, "content_hash": 5016986969492648515, "location": "article.translate.xml:454", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/title", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 70, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 4, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99467/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99467, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=c59feb114f5f7243", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99467/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.851768Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> is a <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like kernel originally developed by Linus Torvalds, and now being contributed to by a massive crowd of programmers all around the world. From its mere beginnings to today, with wide support from companies such as IBM or Google, <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> is being associated with its fast development pace, full hardware support and benevolent dictator model of organization." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> is a <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like kernel originally developed by Linus Torvalds, and now being contributed to by a massive crowd of programmers all around the world. From its mere beginnings to today, with wide support from companies such as IBM or Google, <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> is being associated with its fast development pace, full hardware support and benevolent dictator model of organization." ], "id_hash": 7412026190440014718, "content_hash": 7412026190440014718, "location": "article.translate.xml:456", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 71, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 62, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99468/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99468, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=e6dcce8cb311a37e", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99468/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.870207Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> development started in 1991 as a hobbyist project at University of Helsinki in Finland. Since then it has obtained all the features of a modern <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like OS: multiprocessing, multiuser support, virtual memory, networking, basically everything is there. There are also highly advanced features like virtualization etc." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> development started in 1991 as a hobbyist project at University of Helsinki in Finland. Since then it has obtained all the features of a modern <trademark class=\"registered\">UNIX</trademark>-like OS: multiprocessing, multiuser support, virtual memory, networking, basically everything is there. There are also highly advanced features like virtualization etc." ], "id_hash": -9008829759810570665, "content_hash": -9008829759810570665, "location": "article.translate.xml:464", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 72, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 49, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99469/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99469, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=02fa35107485f657", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99469/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.877766Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "As of 2006 <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> seems to be the most widely used open source operating system with support from independent software vendors like Oracle, RealNetworks, Adobe, etc. Most of the commercial software distributed for <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> can only be obtained in a binary form so recompilation for other operating systems is impossible." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "As of 2006 <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> seems to be the most widely used open source operating system with support from independent software vendors like Oracle, RealNetworks, Adobe, etc. Most of the commercial software distributed for <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> can only be obtained in a binary form so recompilation for other operating systems is impossible." ], "id_hash": -3295270982201559093, "content_hash": -3295270982201559093, "location": "article.translate.xml:471", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 73, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 52, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99470/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99470, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=5244d880333937cb", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99470/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.883943Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Most of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> development happens in a <application>Git</application> version control system. <application>Git</application> is a distributed system so there is no central source of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> code, but some branches are considered prominent and official. The version number scheme implemented by <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> consists of four numbers A.B.C.D. Currently development happens in 2.6.C.D, where C represents major version, where new features are added or changed while D is a minor version for bugfixes only." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Most of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> development happens in a <application>Git</application> version control system. <application>Git</application> is a distributed system so there is no central source of the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> code, but some branches are considered prominent and official. The version number scheme implemented by <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> consists of four numbers A.B.C.D. Currently development happens in 2.6.C.D, where C represents major version, where new features are added or changed while D is a minor version for bugfixes only." ], "id_hash": -7388095933147557070, "content_hash": -7388095933147557070, "location": "article.translate.xml:478", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 74, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 76, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99471/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99471, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=197835e4823b5332", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99471/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.896336Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "More information can be obtained from [3]." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "More information can be obtained from [3]." ], "id_hash": 6789496969589652025, "content_hash": 6789496969589652025, "location": "article.translate.xml:488", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect2/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 75, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99472/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99472, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=de39238583fb7a39", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99472/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.908697Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Syscalls in <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> are performed (in userspace) using <literal>syscallX</literal> macros where X substitutes a number representing the number of parameters of the given syscall. This macro translates to a code that loads <varname>%eax</varname> register with a number of the syscall and executes interrupt <literal>0x80</literal>. After this syscall return is called, which translates negative return values to positive <literal>errno</literal> values and sets <literal>res</literal> to <literal>-1</literal> in case of an error. Whenever the interrupt <literal>0x80</literal> is called the process enters the kernel in system call trap handler. This routine saves all registers on the stack and calls the selected syscall entry. Note that the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> calling convention expects parameters to the syscall to be passed via registers as shown here:" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Syscalls in <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> are performed (in userspace) using <literal>syscallX</literal> macros where X substitutes a number representing the number of parameters of the given syscall. This macro translates to a code that loads <varname>%eax</varname> register with a number of the syscall and executes interrupt <literal>0x80</literal>. After this syscall return is called, which translates negative return values to positive <literal>errno</literal> values and sets <literal>res</literal> to <literal>-1</literal> in case of an error. Whenever the interrupt <literal>0x80</literal> is called the process enters the kernel in system call trap handler. This routine saves all registers on the stack and calls the selected syscall entry. Note that the <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> calling convention expects parameters to the syscall to be passed via registers as shown here:" ], "id_hash": 8708711642775917643, "content_hash": 8708711642775917643, "location": "article.translate.xml:504", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 77, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 120, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99474/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99474, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=f8db8f192ef7944b", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99474/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.925972Z" }, { "translation": 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"https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=08f02f9ba1e59281", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99479/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.978547Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "parameter -> <varname>%ebp</varname>" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "parameter -> <varname>%ebp</varname>" ], "id_hash": -6312684906603725098, "content_hash": -6312684906603725098, "location": "article.translate.xml:538", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 83, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 3, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99480/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99480, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=2864d68602ea3ed6", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99480/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.988626Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "There are some exceptions to this, where <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> uses different calling convention (most notably the <literal>clone</literal> syscall)." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "There are some exceptions to this, where <trademark class=\"registered\">Linux</trademark> uses different calling convention (most notably the <literal>clone</literal> syscall)." ], "id_hash": 7269721016443151740, "content_hash": 7269721016443151740, "location": "article.translate.xml:542", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 84, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 18, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99481/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99481, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=e4e33cbf7149257c", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99481/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:38.997139Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "The trap handlers are introduced in <filename>arch/i386/kernel/traps.c</filename> and most of these handlers live in <filename>arch/i386/kernel/entry.S</filename>, where handling of the traps happens." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "The trap handlers are introduced in <filename>arch/i386/kernel/traps.c</filename> and most of these handlers live in <filename>arch/i386/kernel/entry.S</filename>, where handling of the traps happens." ], "id_hash": 2999030410406665521, "content_hash": 2999030410406665521, "location": "article.translate.xml:550", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 85, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 21, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99482/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99482, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=a99eb244cae21d31", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99482/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.009287Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Return from the syscall is managed by syscall <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which checks for the process having unfinished work, then checks whether we used user-supplied selectors. If this happens stack fixing is applied and finally the registers are restored from the stack and the process returns to the userspace." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Return from the syscall is managed by syscall <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, which checks for the process having unfinished work, then checks whether we used user-supplied selectors. If this happens stack fixing is applied and finally the registers are restored from the stack and the process returns to the userspace." ], "id_hash": 2249661482360107195, "content_hash": 2249661482360107195, "location": "article.translate.xml:560", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 86, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 47, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99483/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99483, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=9f386732f0f3f0bb", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99483/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.017108Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "Implemented clone flags are:" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "Implemented clone flags are:" ], "id_hash": -9176303708542365754, "content_hash": -9176303708542365754, "location": "article.translate.xml:588", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 88, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 4, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99485/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99485, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=00a738652d3b8fc6", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99485/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.036703Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_VM</literal> - processes share their memory space" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_VM</literal> - processes share their memory space" ], "id_hash": 6755314409908164835, "content_hash": 6755314409908164835, "location": "article.translate.xml:592", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 89, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99486/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99486, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=ddbfb2aa24a758e3", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99486/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.044267Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_FS</literal> - share umask, cwd and namespace" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_FS</literal> - share umask, cwd and namespace" ], "id_hash": -6494431502130160118, "content_hash": -6494431502130160118, "location": "article.translate.xml:596", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 90, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99487/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99487, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=25df24f5316cde0a", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99487/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.051687Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_FILES</literal> - share open files" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_FILES</literal> - share open files" ], "id_hash": 4413361304162167883, "content_hash": 4413361304162167883, "location": "article.translate.xml:600", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 91, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 5, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99488/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99488, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=bd3f68b9200a6c4b", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99488/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.073367Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_SIGHAND</literal> - share signal handlers and blocked signals" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_SIGHAND</literal> - share signal handlers and blocked signals" ], "id_hash": 7572211824390186059, "content_hash": 7572211824390186059, "location": "article.translate.xml:604", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 92, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 8, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99489/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99489, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=e915e688f4ca244b", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99489/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.089024Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal> - share parent" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal> - share parent" ], "id_hash": 2093966931089220357, "content_hash": 2093966931089220357, "location": "article.translate.xml:608", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 93, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 4, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99490/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99490, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=9d0f43d45afce305", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99490/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.100317Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> - be thread (further explanation below)" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> - be thread (further explanation below)" ], "id_hash": 6326319041985789553, "content_hash": 6326319041985789553, "location": "article.translate.xml:612", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 94, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99491/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99491, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=d7cb99a6815a3e71", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99491/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.112238Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_NEWNS</literal> - new namespace" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_NEWNS</literal> - new namespace" ], "id_hash": 2439124086499594020, "content_hash": 2439124086499594020, "location": "article.translate.xml:616", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 95, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 4, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99492/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99492, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=a1d9826f02e84f24", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99492/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.127420Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_SYSVSEM</literal> - share SysV undo structures" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_SYSVSEM</literal> - share SysV undo structures" ], "id_hash": -1400633198413276587, "content_hash": -1400633198413276587, "location": "article.translate.xml:620", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 96, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 6, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99493/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99493, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=6c8ff386e3f51a55", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99493/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.139828Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_SETTLS</literal> - setup TLS at supplied address" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_SETTLS</literal> - setup TLS at supplied address" ], "id_hash": 223684226651874032, "content_hash": 223684226651874032, "location": "article.translate.xml:624", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 97, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99494/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99494, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=831aaf9e777162f0", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99494/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.152901Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT_SETTID</literal> - set TID in the parent" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT_SETTID</literal> - set TID in the parent" ], "id_hash": 3302669134345990809, "content_hash": 3302669134345990809, "location": "article.translate.xml:628", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 98, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99495/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99495, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=add570145356f299", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99495/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.167546Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID</literal> - clear TID in the child" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID</literal> - clear TID in the child" ], "id_hash": -2340407248681973349, "content_hash": -2340407248681973349, "location": "article.translate.xml:632", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 99, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99496/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99496, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=5f853401e08fc99b", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99496/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.174570Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_CHILD_SETTID</literal> - set TID in the child" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_CHILD_SETTID</literal> - set TID in the child" ], "id_hash": 3446932988560273255, "content_hash": 3446932988560273255, "location": "article.translate.xml:636", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: listitem/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 100, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 7, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99497/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99497, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=afd5f74a5bb5ef67", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99497/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.192550Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal> sets the real parent to the parent of the caller. This is useful for threads because if thread A creates thread B we want thread B to be parented to the parent of the whole thread group. <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> does exactly the same thing as <literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal>, <literal>CLONE_VM</literal> and <literal>CLONE_SIGHAND</literal>, rewrites PID to be the same as PID of the caller, sets exit signal to be none and enters the thread group. <literal>CLONE_SETTLS</literal> sets up GDT entries for TLS handling. The <literal>CLONE_*_*TID</literal> set of flags sets/clears user supplied address to TID or 0." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "<literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal> sets the real parent to the parent of the caller. This is useful for threads because if thread A creates thread B we want thread B to be parented to the parent of the whole thread group. <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> does exactly the same thing as <literal>CLONE_PARENT</literal>, <literal>CLONE_VM</literal> and <literal>CLONE_SIGHAND</literal>, rewrites PID to be the same as PID of the caller, sets exit signal to be none and enters the thread group. <literal>CLONE_SETTLS</literal> sets up GDT entries for TLS handling. The <literal>CLONE_*_*TID</literal> set of flags sets/clears user supplied address to TID or 0." ], "id_hash": 4537190143977083227, "content_hash": 4537190143977083227, "location": "article.translate.xml:641", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 101, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 92, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99498/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99498, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=bef756659a28515b", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99498/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.203373Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "As you can see the <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> does most of the work and does not seem to fit the scheme very well. The original intention is unclear (even for authors, according to comments in the code) but I think originally there was one threading flag, which was then parcelled among many other flags but this separation was never fully finished. It is also unclear what this partition is good for as glibc does not use that so only hand-written use of the clone permits a programmer to access this features." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "As you can see the <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> does most of the work and does not seem to fit the scheme very well. The original intention is unclear (even for authors, according to comments in the code) but I think originally there was one threading flag, which was then parcelled among many other flags but this separation was never fully finished. It is also unclear what this partition is good for as glibc does not use that so only hand-written use of the clone permits a programmer to access this features." ], "id_hash": -1984373267180238070, "content_hash": -1984373267180238070, "location": "article.translate.xml:655", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 102, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 89, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99499/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99499, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=64761706f3f0cb0a", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99499/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.213836Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "For non-threaded programs the PID and TID are the same. For threaded programs the first thread PID and TID are the same and every created thread shares the same PID and gets assigned a unique TID (because <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> is passed in) also parent is shared for all processes forming this threaded program." ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "For non-threaded programs the PID and TID are the same. For threaded programs the first thread PID and TID are the same and every created thread shares the same PID and gets assigned a unique TID (because <literal>CLONE_THREAD</literal> is passed in) also parent is shared for all processes forming this threaded program." ], "id_hash": -5721311215938574541, "content_hash": -5721311215938574541, "location": "article.translate.xml:666", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 103, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 52, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99500/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99500, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=3099d1c30c85e733", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99500/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.227899Z" }, { "translation": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/translations/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?format=api", "source": [ "The code that implements <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pthread_create</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> in NPTL defines the clone flags like this:" ], "previous_source": "", "target": [ "The code that implements <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pthread_create</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> in NPTL defines the clone flags like this:" ], "id_hash": -3754486755831764020, "content_hash": -3754486755831764020, "location": "article.translate.xml:674", "context": "", "note": "(itstool) path: sect4/para", "flags": "", "labels": [], "state": 100, "fuzzy": false, "translated": true, "approved": false, "position": 104, "has_suggestion": false, "has_comment": false, "has_failing_check": false, "num_words": 13, "source_unit": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99501/?format=api", "priority": 100, "id": 99501, "web_url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/translate/freebsd-doc/articles_linux-emulation/en/?checksum=4be562300cbd2bcc", "url": "https://translate-dev.freebsd.org/api/units/99501/?format=api", "explanation": "", "extra_flags": "", "pending": false, "timestamp": "2019-10-20T12:10:39.240602Z" } ] }