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167/1000 · 18
Context English Portuguese (Brazil) State
_ translator-credits Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
Design elements of the FreeBSD VM system Elementos de design do sistema de VM do FreeBSD

<email>dillon@apollo.backplane.com</email>
<email>dillon@apollo.backplane.com</email>
<personname><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Dillon</surname></personname><affiliation> <_:address-1/> </affiliation> <personname><firstname>Matthew</firstname><surname>Dillon</surname></personname><affiliation> <_:address-1/> </affiliation>
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation. FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation.
Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</quote> symbol. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the <quote>™</quote> or the <quote>®</quote> symbol.
$FreeBSD$
The title is really just a fancy way of saying that I am going to attempt to describe the whole VM enchilada, hopefully in a way that everyone can follow. For the last year I have concentrated on a number of major kernel subsystems within FreeBSD, with the VM and Swap subsystems being the most interesting and NFS being <quote>a necessary chore</quote>. I rewrote only small portions of the code. In the VM arena the only major rewrite I have done is to the swap subsystem. Most of my work was cleanup and maintenance, with only moderate code rewriting and no major algorithmic adjustments within the VM subsystem. The bulk of the VM subsystem's theoretical base remains unchanged and a lot of the credit for the modernization effort in the last few years belongs to John Dyson and David Greenman. Not being a historian like Kirk I will not attempt to tag all the various features with peoples names, since I will invariably get it wrong. O título é realmente apenas uma maneira extravagante de dizer que vou tentar descrever todo o grupo de itens de uma VM, espero que de uma forma que todos possam acompanhar. Pelo ultimo ano eu me concentrei em vários dos principais subsistemas do kernel dentro do FreeBSD, com os subsistemas VM e Swap sendo os mais interessantes e o NFS sendo <quote>uma tarefa necessária</quote>. Eu reescrevi apenas pequenas partes do código. Na área de VM, a única grande reescrita que fiz foi para o subsistema de troca. A maior parte do meu trabalho foi de limpeza e manutenção, com apenas uma moderada reescrita de código e sem grandes ajustes nos algorítimos do subsistema VM. A maior parte da base teórica do subsistema VM permanece inalterada e muito do crédito pelo esforço de modernização nos últimos anos pertence a John Dyson e David Greenman. Não sendo um historiador como Kirk, eu não tentarei marcar todos os vários recursos com nomes de pessoas, já que invariavelmente vou errar.
This article was originally published in the January 2000 issue of <link xlink:href="http://www.daemonnews.org/">DaemonNews</link>. This version of the article may include updates from Matt and other authors to reflect changes in FreeBSD's VM implementation. Este artigo foi publicado originalmente na edição de janeiro de 2000 do <link xlink:href="http://www.daemonnews.org/">DaemonNews</link>. Esta versão do artigo pode incluir atualizações feitas por Matt e outros autores para refletir as mudanças na implementação da VM do FreeBSD.
Introduction Introdução
Before moving along to the actual design let's spend a little time on the necessity of maintaining and modernizing any long-living codebase. In the programming world, algorithms tend to be more important than code and it is precisely due to BSD's academic roots that a great deal of attention was paid to algorithm design from the beginning. More attention paid to the design generally leads to a clean and flexible codebase that can be fairly easily modified, extended, or replaced over time. While BSD is considered an <quote>old</quote> operating system by some people, those of us who work on it tend to view it more as a <quote>mature</quote> codebase which has various components modified, extended, or replaced with modern code. It has evolved, and FreeBSD is at the bleeding edge no matter how old some of the code might be. This is an important distinction to make and one that is unfortunately lost to many people. The biggest error a programmer can make is to not learn from history, and this is precisely the error that many other modern operating systems have made. <trademark class="registered">Windows NT</trademark> is the best example of this, and the consequences have been dire. Linux also makes this mistake to some degree—enough that we BSD folk can make small jokes about it every once in a while, anyway. Linux's problem is simply one of a lack of experience and history to compare ideas against, a problem that is easily and rapidly being addressed by the Linux community in the same way it has been addressed in the BSD community—by continuous code development. The <trademark class="registered">Windows NT</trademark> folk, on the other hand, repeatedly make the same mistakes solved by <trademark class="registered">UNIX</trademark> decades ago and then spend years fixing them. Over and over again. They have a severe case of <quote>not designed here</quote> and <quote>we are always right because our marketing department says so</quote>. I have little tolerance for anyone who cannot learn from history. Antes de avançarmos para o design atual, vamos dedicar um pouco de tempo a necessidade de manter e modernizar qualquer base de código duradoura. No mundo da programação, os algoritmos tendem a ser mais importantes do que o código, e é precisamente devido as raízes acadêmicas do BSD que uma grande atenção foi dada ao design do algoritmo desde o início. Mais atenção ao design geralmente leva a uma base de código limpa e flexível que pode ser facilmente modificada, estendida ou substituída ao longo do tempo. Embora o BSD seja considerado um sistema operacional <quote>antigo</quote> por algumas pessoas, aqueles de nós que trabalham nele tendem a vê-lo mais como uma base de código <quote>madura</quote> que possui vários componentes modificados, estendidos, ou substituído por código moderno. Ele evoluiu e o FreeBSD está no topo, não importa quantos anos tenha o código. Esta é uma distinção importante a ser feita e infelizmente perdida para muitas pessoas. O maior erro que um programador pode cometer é não aprender com a história, e esse é precisamente o erro que muitos outros sistemas operacionais modernos cometeram. <trademark class="registered">Windows NT</trademark> é o melhor exemplo disso, e as conseqüências foram terríveis. O Linux também cometeu esse erro até certo ponto - o suficiente para que nós, do BSD, possamos fazer pequenas piadas sobre isso de vez em quando, entretanto. O problema do Linux é simplesmente a falta de experiência e histórico para comparar idéias, um problema que está sendo resolvido de forma fácil e rápida pela comunidade Linux, da mesma forma como foi abordado na comunidade BSD - pelo desenvolvimento contínuo de código. Por outro lado, o povo do <trademark class="registered">Windows NT</trademark>, repetidamente comete os mesmos erros resolvidos no <trademark class="registered">UNIX</trademark> décadas atrás e depois gasta anos corrigindo-os. De novo e de novo. Eles têm um caso grave de <quote>não foi projetado aqui</quote> e <quote>estamos sempre certos porque nosso departamento de marketing diz que sim</quote>. Tenho pouca tolerância para quem não pode aprender com a história.
Much of the apparent complexity of the FreeBSD design, especially in the VM/Swap subsystem, is a direct result of having to solve serious performance issues that occur under various conditions. These issues are not due to bad algorithmic design but instead rise from environmental factors. In any direct comparison between platforms, these issues become most apparent when system resources begin to get stressed. As I describe FreeBSD's VM/Swap subsystem the reader should always keep two points in mind: Grande parte da complexidade aparente do design do FreeBSD, especialmente no subsistema VM/Swap, é um resultado direto de ter que resolver sérios problemas de desempenho que ocorrem sob várias condições. Estes problemas não se devem ao mau design de algorítimo, mas sim a fatores ambientais. Em qualquer comparação direta entre plataformas, estes problemas tornam-se mais aparentes quando os recursos do sistema começam a ficar estressados. Como descrevo o subsistema VM/Swap do FreeBSD, o leitor deve sempre manter dois pontos em mente:
The most important aspect of performance design is what is known as <quote>Optimizing the Critical Path</quote>. It is often the case that performance optimizations add a little bloat to the code in order to make the critical path perform better. O aspecto mais importante do design de desempenho é o que é conhecido como <quote>Otimizando o Caminho Crítico </quote>. Muitas vezes, as otimizações de desempenho inflam um pouco o código, para que o caminho crítico tenha um melhor desempenho.

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Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_serial-uart Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_committers-guide Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSDAndré Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018-2020
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_explaining-bsd Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.orgEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Rafael Mentz Aquino, rafael@lk6.com.br, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_building-products Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_contributing Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiAlexandre Vasconcelos, alex.vasconcelos@gmail.com, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_contributors Gabriel Rizzo, gabriel96.gsr@gmail.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018-2020
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.orgLucas Andrade, slucasandrade@protonmail.ch, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_freebsd-questions Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_geom-class Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_ipsec-must Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.orgEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Mauro Risonho de Paula Assumpção, mauro.risonho@gmail.com, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_mailing-list-faq Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.orgAlexandre Vasconcelos, alex.vasconcelos@gmail.com, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Mauro Risonho de Paula Assumpção, mauro.risonho@gmail.com, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_gjournal-desktop Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_ldap-auth Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap SilvaKanazuchi, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_pgpkeys Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_leap-seconds Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.orgNilton José Rizzo, rizzo@rizzo.eng.br, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_linux-users Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.orgNilton José Rizzo, rizzo@rizzo.eng.br, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_linux-emulation Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap SilvaKanazuchi, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_freebsd-releng Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.orgEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Lucas Andrade, slucasandrade@protonmail.ch, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
Vinícius Zavam, egypcio@googlemail.com, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 201820
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_port-mentor-guidelines Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Mauro Risonho de Paula Assumpção, mauro.risonho@gmail.com, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_vinum Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.orgEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Lucas Andrade, slucasandrade@protonmail.ch, 2018
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_cups Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.orgWendell Borges, perlporter@gmail.com, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosiDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018

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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
translator-creditsDanilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018
André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018
a year ago
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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018translator-credits
a year ago
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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
Rafael Mentz Aquino, rafael@lk6.com.br, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Danilo G. Baio, dbaioEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
a year ago
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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
Edson Brandi, ebrandiRafael Mentz Aquino, rafael@lk6.com.br, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
a year ago
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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
Rafael Mentz Aquino, rafael@lk6.com.br, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Danilo G. Baio, dbaioEdson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
a year ago
User avatar dbaio

Translation reverted

FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
translator-creditsRafael Mentz Aquino, rafael@lk6.com.br, 2018
Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018
a year ago
User avatar ebrandi

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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
translator-credits
a year ago
User avatar ebrandi

Translation changed

FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
translator-credits
a year ago
User avatar ebrandi

Translation changed

FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

translator-credits
Danilo G. Baio, dbaio@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Edson Brandi, ebrandi@FreeBSD.org, 2018 Silvio Ap Silva, contato@kanazuchi.com, 2018 André Franciosi, andre@franciosi.org, 2018translator-credits
a year ago
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FreeBSD Doc / articles_vm-design — Portuguese (Brazil)

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Put one translator per line, in the form NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
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max-length:1000
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a year ago
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a year ago
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articles/pt_BR/vm-design.po, string 1