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Context English State
User applications and the kernel operate independently of each other. 4.4BSD does not store I/O control blocks or other operating-system-related data structures in the application's address space. Each user-level application is provided an independent address space in which it executes. The kernel makes most state changes, such as suspending a process while another is running, invisible to the processes involved.
Process Management
4.4BSD supports a multitasking environment. Each task or thread of execution is termed a <emphasis>process</emphasis>. The <emphasis>context</emphasis> of a 4.4BSD process consists of user-level state, including the contents of its address space and the run-time environment, and kernel-level state, which includes scheduling parameters, resource controls, and identification information. The context includes everything used by the kernel in providing services for the process. Users can create processes, control the processes' execution, and receive notification when the processes' execution status changes. Every process is assigned a unique value, termed a <emphasis>process identifier</emphasis> (PID). This value is used by the kernel to identify a process when reporting status changes to a user, and by a user when referencing a process in a system call.
The kernel creates a process by duplicating the context of another process. The new process is termed a <emphasis>child process</emphasis> of the original <emphasis>parent process</emphasis> The context duplicated in process creation includes both the user-level execution state of the process and the process's system state managed by the kernel. Important components of the kernel state are described in Chapter 4.
Process lifecycle
_
external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'
+----------------+ wait +----------------+
| parent process |---------------------------------&gt;| parent process |---&gt;
+----------------+ +----------------+
| ^
| fork |
V |
+----------------+ execve +----------------+ wait +----------------+
| child process |-------&gt;| child process |-------&gt;| zombie process |
+----------------+ +----------------+ +----------------+
<imageobject> <imagedata fileref="fig1"/> </imageobject> <textobject> <_:literallayout-1/> </textobject> <textobject> <phrase>Process-management system calls</phrase> </textobject>
The process lifecycle is depicted in <xref linkend="fig-process-lifecycle"/>. A process may create a new process that is a copy of the original by using the <emphasis>fork</emphasis> system call. The <emphasis>fork</emphasis> call returns twice: once in the parent process, where the return value is the process identifier of the child, and once in the child process, where the return value is 0. The parent-child relationship induces a hierarchical structure on the set of processes in the system. The new process shares all its parent's resources, such as file descriptors, signal-handling status, and memory layout.
Although there are occasions when the new process is intended to be a copy of the parent, the loading and execution of a different program is a more useful and typical action. A process can overlay itself with the memory image of another program, passing to the newly created image a set of parameters, using the system call <emphasis>execve</emphasis>. One parameter is the name of a file whose contents are in a format recognized by the system -- either a binary-executable file or a file that causes the execution of a specified interpreter program to process its contents.
A process may terminate by executing an <emphasis>exit</emphasis> system call, sending 8 bits of exit status to its parent. If a process wants to communicate more than a single byte of information with its parent, it must either set up an interprocess-communication channel using pipes or sockets, or use an intermediate file. Interprocess communication is discussed extensively in Chapter 11.
ComponentTranslation
This translation Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_design-44bsd
external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'
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external ref='branches-head' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='vinum-concat' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='vinum-striped' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='vinum-raid5-org' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='vinum-striped-vol' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-post-root-passwd' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd12' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='branches' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='freebsd-code-model' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='proc-add-committer' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='proc-rm-committer' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='proc-commit' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='proc-elections' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='portsstatus' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/layers' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/slayers' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/sain' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/sainfill' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/sainlsb' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/sainmsb' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/sainserv' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/serv' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='sockets/serv2' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-choose-mode' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-loading' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-hostname' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-components' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-create' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-init-encription' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-extracting' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-country' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-confirm' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-hardening' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser3' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-accesspoints' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='basics/example-dir2' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-ufs-warning' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='freebsd-organization' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='freebsd-branches' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd13' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='mail/pine1' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd3' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd5' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd7' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd12' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd02' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd07' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='advanced-networking/pxe-nfs' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-boot-options-menu' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-10' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-files' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-mirrorselect' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='geom/striping' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-guided-disk' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-entire-part' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-review' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-menu' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select' md5='__failed__'

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external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-warning' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-warning' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-confirmation' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-confirmation' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-fetching' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-fetching' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-verifying' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-verifying' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-scan' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-scan' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-wpa2setup' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-wpa2setup' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-dhcp' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-dhcp' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-static' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-static' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-slaac' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-slaac' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6-static' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6-static' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-ipv4-dns' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-ipv4-dns' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-region' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-region' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-zone' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-zone' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-services' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-services' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser1' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figbsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser1' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser2' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser2' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-finalconfiguration' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-finalconfiguration' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-modification-shell' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-modification-shell' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-mainexit' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-mainexit' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='basics/example-dir1' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figbasics/example-dir1' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='basics/example-dir3' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1basics/example-dir3' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='basics/example-dir4' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1basics/example-dir4' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='basics/example-dir5' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1basics/example-dir5' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='basics/disk-layout' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1basics/disk-layout' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd1' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/parallels-freebsd1' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd2' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd2' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd3' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd3' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd4' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd4' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd6' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd6' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd7' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd7' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd8' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd8' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd9' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd9' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/parallels-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd12' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd12' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd1' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/virtualpc-freebsd1' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd2' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd2' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd4' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd4' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd6' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd6' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd8' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd8' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd9' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd9' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/virtualpc-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd13' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd13' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd01' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/vmware-freebsd01' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd03' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd03' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd04' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd04' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd05' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd05' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd06' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd06' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd08' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd08' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd09' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd09' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/vmware-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figvirtualization/vmware-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-pool-name' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-pool-name' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-rescan-devices' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-rescan-devices' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-swap-amount' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-swap-amount' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='mail/mutt1' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='figmail/mutt1' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='mail/mutt3' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1mail/mutt3' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='mail/pine3' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1mail/pine3' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='mail/pine5' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1mail/pine5' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='advanced-networking/static-routes' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1advanced-networking/static-routes' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_solid-state
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_vm-design
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='virtualization/parallels-freebsd5' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1virtualization/parallels-freebsd5' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-testing' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-testing' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-time' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-time' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/books_handbook
external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-date' md5='__failed__'

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-date' md5='__failed__'
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_freebsd-questions
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_cups
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_explaining-bsd
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits
Translated FreeBSD Doc/articles_freebsd-update-server
translator-credits

Change compared to this translation:

external ref='fig1' md5='__failed__'translator-credits

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Context
_
Source string comment
(itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata
This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When
the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to
update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to
whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file.
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read-only
Source string location
book.translate.xml:661
Source string age
9 months ago
Translation file
, string 141