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(itstool) path: sect2/para
English
When using <command>traceroute</command>, include the address of the remote host to connect to. The output will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack of connection. For more information, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>traceroute</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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In this scenario, <systemitem>RouterA</systemitem> is a FreeBSD machine that is acting as a router to the rest of the Internet. It has a default route set to <systemitem class="ipaddress">10.0.0.1</systemitem> which allows it to connect with the outside world. <systemitem>RouterB</systemitem> is already configured to use <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.1.1</systemitem> as its default gateway.
Before adding any static routes, the routing table on <systemitem>RouterA</systemitem> looks like this:
<prompt>%</prompt> <userinput>netstat -nr</userinput>
Routing tables

Internet:
Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire
default 10.0.0.1 UGS 0 49378 xl0
127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 6 lo0
10.0.0.0/24 link#1 UC 0 0 xl0
192.168.1.0/24 link#2 UC 0 0 xl1
With the current routing table, <systemitem>RouterA</systemitem> does not have a route to the <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.2.0/24</systemitem> network. The following command adds the <literal>Internal Net 2</literal> network to <systemitem>RouterA</systemitem>'s routing table using <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.1.2</systemitem> as the next hop:
<prompt>#</prompt> <userinput>route add -net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2</userinput>
Now, <systemitem>RouterA</systemitem> can reach any host on the <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.2.0/24</systemitem> network. However, the routing information will not persist if the FreeBSD system reboots. If a static route needs to be persistent, add it to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:
# Add Internal Net 2 as a persistent static route
static_routes="internalnet2"
route_internalnet2="-net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2"
The <literal>static_routes</literal> configuration variable is a list of strings separated by a space, where each string references a route name. The variable <literal>route_<replaceable>internalnet2</replaceable></literal> contains the static route for that route name.
Using more than one string in <literal>static_routes</literal> creates multiple static routes. The following shows an example of adding static routes for the <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.0.0/24</systemitem> and <systemitem class="ipaddress">192.168.1.0/24</systemitem> networks:
static_routes="net1 net2"
route_net1="-net 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.0.1"
route_net2="-net 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.1"
When an address space is assigned to a network, the service provider configures their routing tables so that all traffic for the network will be sent to the link for the site. But how do external sites know to send their packets to the network's <acronym>ISP</acronym>?
There is a system that keeps track of all assigned address spaces and defines their point of connection to the Internet backbone, or the main trunk lines that carry Internet traffic across the country and around the world. Each backbone machine has a copy of a master set of tables, which direct traffic for a particular network to a specific backbone carrier, and from there down the chain of service providers until it reaches a particular network.
It is the task of the service provider to advertise to the backbone sites that they are the point of connection, and thus the path inward, for a site. This is known as route propagation.
<primary><citerefentry><refentrytitle>traceroute</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></primary>
Sometimes, there is a problem with route propagation and some sites are unable to connect. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out where routing is breaking down is <command>traceroute</command>. It is useful when <command>ping</command> fails.
When using <command>traceroute</command>, include the address of the remote host to connect to. The output will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack of connection. For more information, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>traceroute</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Multicast Considerations
<primary>multicast routing</primary>
<primary>kernel options</primary> <secondary>MROUTING</secondary>
FreeBSD natively supports both multicast applications and multicast routing. Multicast applications do not require any special configuration in order to run on FreeBSD. Support for multicast routing requires that the following option be compiled into a custom kernel:
options MROUTING
The multicast routing daemon, <application>mrouted</application> can be installed using the <package>net/mrouted</package> package or port. This daemon implements the <acronym>DVMRP</acronym> multicast routing protocol and is configured by editing <filename>/usr/local/etc/mrouted.conf</filename> in order to set up the tunnels and <acronym>DVMRP</acronym>. The installation of <application>mrouted</application> also installs <application>map-mbone</application> and <application>mrinfo</application>, as well as their associated man pages. Refer to these for configuration examples.
<acronym>DVMRP</acronym> has largely been replaced by the <acronym>PIM</acronym> protocol in many multicast installations. Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.
Wireless Networking
<personname> <othername>Loader</othername> </personname>
<personname> <firstname>Marc</firstname> <surname>Fonvieille</surname> </personname>
<primary>wireless networking</primary>
<primary>802.11</primary> <see>wireless networking</see>
Wireless Networking Basics
Most wireless networks are based on the <trademark class="registered">IEEE</trademark> 802.11 standards. A basic wireless network consists of multiple stations communicating with radios that broadcast in either the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band, though this varies according to the locale and is also changing to enable communication in the 2.3GHz and 4.9GHz ranges.
802.11 networks are organized in two ways. In <emphasis>infrastructure mode</emphasis>, one station acts as a master with all the other stations associating to it, the network is known as a <acronym>BSS</acronym>, and the master station is termed an access point (<acronym>AP</acronym>). In a <acronym>BSS</acronym>, all communication passes through the <acronym>AP</acronym>; even when one station wants to communicate with another wireless station, messages must go through the <acronym>AP</acronym>. In the second form of network, there is no master and stations communicate directly. This form of network is termed an <acronym>IBSS</acronym> and is commonly known as an <emphasis>ad-hoc network</emphasis>.

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FreeBSD Doc / books_handbook — Spanish

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Source information

Source string comment
(itstool) path: sect2/para
Source string location
book.translate.xml:64568
String age
a year ago
Source string age
a year ago
Translation file
books/es_ES/handbook.po, string 10587