Unit Instance

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        "The implementation is done by altering the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> routine (described above) to take additional parameter <varname>dirfd</varname> in its <literal>nameidata</literal> structure, which specifies the starting point of the pathname lookup instead of using the current working directory every time. The resolution of <varname>dirfd</varname> from file descriptor number to a vnode is done in native *at syscalls. When <varname>dirfd</varname> is <literal>AT_FDCWD</literal> the <varname>dvp</varname> entry in <literal>nameidata</literal> structure is <literal>NULL</literal> but when <varname>dirfd</varname> is a different number we obtain a file for this file descriptor, check whether this file is valid and if there is vnode attached to it then we get a vnode. Then we check this vnode for being a directory. In the actual <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> routine we simply substitute the <varname>dvp</varname> vnode for <varname>dp</varname> variable in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> function, which determines the starting point. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> is not used directly but via a trace of different functions on various levels. For example the <function>openat</function> goes like this:"
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        "The implementation is done by altering the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> routine (described above) to take additional parameter <varname>dirfd</varname> in its <literal>nameidata</literal> structure, which specifies the starting point of the pathname lookup instead of using the current working directory every time. The resolution of <varname>dirfd</varname> from file descriptor number to a vnode is done in native *at syscalls. When <varname>dirfd</varname> is <literal>AT_FDCWD</literal> the <varname>dvp</varname> entry in <literal>nameidata</literal> structure is <literal>NULL</literal> but when <varname>dirfd</varname> is a different number we obtain a file for this file descriptor, check whether this file is valid and if there is vnode attached to it then we get a vnode. Then we check this vnode for being a directory. In the actual <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> routine we simply substitute the <varname>dvp</varname> vnode for <varname>dp</varname> variable in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> function, which determines the starting point. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>namei</refentrytitle><manvolnum>9</manvolnum></citerefentry> is not used directly but via a trace of different functions on various levels. For example the <function>openat</function> goes like this:"
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