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文件掩码 documentation/content/*/books/design-44bsd/_index.po
翻译文件 下载 documentation/content/pl/books/design-44bsd/_index.po
最后更改 2023年4月16日 13:32
最后作者 Piotr Kowalski

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字符串百分比 托管的字符串数 字数百分比 托管的单词数 字符百分比 托管的字符数
总数 291 10971 70487
已翻译数 1% 2 1% 3 1% 29
需要编辑 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
只读 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
未通过的检查数 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
带有建议的字符串数 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0
未翻译的字符串数 99% 289 99% 10968 99% 70458
过去 12 个月 上一年

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10971
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291
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a small one is shown in crossref:design-44bsd[fig-small-fs, A small filesystem]. Directories may contain subdirectories, and there is no inherent limitation to the depth with which directory nesting may occur. To protect the consistency of the filesystem, the kernel does not permit processes to write directly into directories. A filesystem may include not only plain files and directories, but also references to other objects, such as devices and sockets.
 
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The process lifecycle is depicted in crossref:design-44bsd[fig-process-lifecycle,Process lifecycle]. A process may create a new process that is a copy of the original by using the _fork_ system call. The _fork_ call returns twice: once in the parent process, where the return value is the process identifier of the child, and once in the child process, where the return value is 0. The parent-child relationship induces a hierarchical structure on the set of processes in the system. The new process shares all its parent's resources, such as file descriptors, signal-handling status, and memory layout.
 
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Documentation / books/design-44bsd/_index — 波兰语

crossref:design-44bsd[table-mach-indep, Machine-independent software in the 4.4BSD kernel] summarizes the machine-independent software that constitutes the 4.4BSD kernel for the HP300. The numbers in column 2 are for lines of C source code, header files, and assembly language. Virtually all the software in the kernel is written in the C programming language; less than 2 percent is written in assembly language. As the statistics in crossref:design-44bsd[table-mach-dep, Machine-dependent software in the 4.4BSD kernel] show, the machine-dependent software, excluding HP/UX and device support, accounts for a minuscule 6.9 percent of the kernel.
 
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Although many remote-filesystem protocols have been developed over the years, the most pervasive one in use among UNIX systems is the Network Filesystem (NFS), whose protocol and most widely used implementation were done by Sun Microsystems. The 4.4BSD kernel supports the NFS protocol, although the implementation was done independently from the protocol specification crossref:design-44bsd[biblio-macklem, [Macklem, 1994]]. The NFS protocol is described in Chapter 9.
 
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The log-structured filesystem, based on the Sprite operating-system design crossref:design-44bsd[biblio-rosenblum, [Rosenblum & Ousterhout, 1992]]
 
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Documentation / books/design-44bsd/_index — 波兰语

Different programs expect various levels of structure, but the kernel does not impose structure on I/O. For instance, the convention for text files is lines of ASCII characters separated by a single newline character (the ASCII line-feed character), but the kernel knows nothing about this convention. For the purposes of most programs, the model is further simplified to being a stream of data bytes, or an _I/O stream_. It is this single common data form that makes the characteristic UNIX tool-based approach work crossref:design-44bsd[biblio-kernighan, [Kernighan & Pike, 1984]]. An I/O stream from one program can be fed as input to almost any other program. (This kind of traditional UNIX I/O stream should not be confused with the Eighth Edition stream I/O system or with the System V, Release 3 STREAMS, both of which can be accessed as traditional I/O streams.)
 
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